Which factor can lead to chronic inflammation?

• A. Short-term exposure to allergens
• B. Acute viral infections
• C. Prolonged exposure to irritants
• D. Normal cellular response to injury

Answer: (C)

Chronic inflammation occurs when the inflammatory response lasts for an extended period, often as a result of ongoing irritation or damage to tissues. Prolonged exposure to irritants is a primary factor that can lead to this persistent inflammatory state. This can occur due to various reasons, such as long-term exposure to environmental toxins, pollutants, or even chronic infections.

In contrast, short-term exposure to allergens typically results in an acute inflammatory response, which is usually resolved once the exposure ceases. Acute viral infections, while they can cause inflammation, generally do not lead to chronic inflammation unless there are underlying conditions or complications. A normal cellular response to injury is part of the healing process and typically does not lead to chronic inflammation as it is designed to resolve and restore tissue function.

Thus, prolonged exposure to irritants disrupts the normal healing process and can cause continuous recruitment of immune cells, leading to sustained tissue damage and remodeling characteristic of chronic inflammation.